A. The Starting Point of the Seventy Sevens - Daniel 9:25a Know therefore and discern, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem. As already stated in verse 24, the program of the Seventy Sevens not only concerns the Jewish people, but also the Jewish city of Jerusalem. Now Daniel is told that the Seventy Sevens will begin with a decree, one that involves the rebuilding of Jerusalem. The question is, “Which decree is this verse speaking about?” There are four possibilities usually given.
1. Four Possibilities a. The Decree of Cyrus The first possibility is the decree of Cyrus that was passed in 538-537 B.C. It is found in II Chronicles 36:22-23; Ezra 1:1-4; and 6:1-5.
Insofar as these three passages speak of it, it concerns the rebuilding of the Temple, but does not actually mention the rebuilding of the city of Jerusalem.
b. The Decree of Darius Hystapus The second possibility is the decree of Darius Hystapus passed in 521 B.C. and spoken of in Ezra 6:6-12. This is a reaffirmation of the Cyrus decree and also concerns the rebuilding of the Temple.
c. The Decree of Artaxerxes to Ezra The third possibility is the decree of Artaxerxes to Ezra given in 458 B.C. and mentioned in Ezra 7:11-26. In this decree, permission is given to proceed with the Temple service, and it concerns only the Temple service.
d. The Decree of Artaxerxes to Nehemiah The fourth possibility is the decree of Artaxerxes to Nehemiah that was passed in 444-443 B.C. and spoken of in Nehemiah 2:1-8. In its context, it is speaking about the rebuilding of the walls.
2. Two Valid Options Although all of them in some way or another did contribute to the building of Jerusalem, only two are valid options: the first decree and the fourth decree. The first decree is the decree of Cyrus; the fourth decree is the decree of Artaxerxes to Nehemiah.
a. The Decree of Artaxerxes to Nehemiah Most evangelical scholars today believe that the decree of which Daniel is speaking is the decree of Artaxerxes to Nehemiah. This was first popularized by Sir Robert Anderson, who wrote a book called “The Coming Prince.” Using a formula, he figured out carefully by counting off the number of years beginning with the decree of Artaxerxes to Nehemiah and terminating the 483 year period to the coming of the Messiah with the Triumphal Entry in A.D. 32. According to Sir Robert Anderson, this period stretched from March 14, 445 B.C. until April 6, A.D. 32.
However, Sir Robert Anderson made a few miscalculations. In light of the time of the Passover occurrences, it was impossible for the Crucifixion to have occurred in A.D. 32. Insofar as when the Passover occurred, there are only two options in that time span, and these would be A.D. 30 and 33. Later, Dr. Harold Horner wrote a book that corrected Sir Robert Anderson's miscalculations, and he, too, begins with the decree of Artaxerxes to Nehemiah, beginning with March 4, 444 B.C. and terminating also with the Triumphal Entry on March 29, A.D. 33.
There are three problems with taking the decree found in Nehemiah to be the starting point. The first problem is that nothing in the Daniel passage requires the first sixty nine sevens to end with the Triumphal Entry . It only requires the period to end with the appearance of the Messiah at the First Coming. It is preferable to terminate the first sixty nine sevens with the birth of the Messiah rather than the Triumphal Entry . The second problem with the Artaxerxes-to-Nehemiah decree is that it is not really a decree. If Nehemiah 2:1-8 is read carefully , there is no decree. Instead, it only grants permission for Nehemiah to rebuild the walls. Building on the second problem, the third problem is that rebuilding the walls is not exactly the same as actually rebuilding the city .
b. The Decree of Cyrus There are five reasons validating the view that the decree of which Daniel is speaking is the decree of Cyrus. The first reason is that this is a real decree; it is actually in the form of a decree.
The second reason is that this is the one given the same year as the vision of the Seventy Sevens. The year Daniel received the Seventy Sevens vision was the same year that Cyrus passed his decree.
The third reason is that this is the decree that is emphasized in Scripture. It was spoken of prophetically by Isaiah about 150 years before it happened (Is. 44:28-45:1, 13). In fact, Isaiah actually named Cyrus as the person who would issue this decree at least 150 years before it ever occurred. His prophecy is recorded in fulfillment four times: II Chronicles 36:22-23; Ezra 1:1-4; 6:1-5; and 6:6-12. This is clearly the decree that is emphasized in Scripture.
The fourth reason is that the decree of Cyrus did include the rebuilding of the city. It is true that the four passages mentioned earlier did not actually mention the rebuilding of the city , only the rebuilding of the Temple. However, if Isaiah's prophecies are taken literally , it would have included the rebuilding of the city. For example, Isaiah 44:28 and 45:13 clearly mentions that Cyrus would not only allow the Temple to be rebuilt, he would also allow the city to be rebuilt. Of course, it is silly to think Cyrus would allow the Temple to be rebuilt and then forbid anyone to live anywhere near the Temple by not allowing the city to be rebuilt as well.
The fifth reason that the Cyrus decree is the one of which Daniel speaks is because it is clear from parallel passages that the Jews did rebuild the city. In fact, they rebuilt the city before Nehemiah ever came to rebuild the walls. In Haggai 1:2-4, the Jews were already living in private homes in Jerusalem seventy years before Nehemiah arrived, even though the Temple itself had not as yet been rebuilt. Certainly they would not dare to rebuild Jerusalem if they did not have permission to do so. According to Ezra 4:12, the city was being built even in Ezra's day, and he preceded the time of Nehemiah.
It is not possible within the scope of this manuscript to deal with the details and problems of Persian chronology. For those interested in
these details, a highly recommended work is by Dr. David L. Cooper titled, “The Seventy Weeks of Daniel.” Dr. Cooper shows how the Seventy Sevens can begin with the decree of Cyrus and it still works out to the time of the birth of the Messiah. Thus, the first 483 years–the first sixty nine sevens–terminated with the birth of Yeshua.
http://www.ariel.org/mbsnit.htm